Alice McGaw: “Mother of Anesthesia”

Nurses were the first professional group to practice anesthesia services in the United States. This started 125 years ago and little was known about anesthesia back then. One of the most famous nurse anesthetists was Alice McGraw. She was to be given the name â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia† for her expert application of anesthesia during surgery and her many published works regarding the procedure. Nurse anesthetists were pioneers in their field. Surgeons began seeking them out to help with anesthesia during surgery because they could provide undivided attention to the patient.The earliest records establish the beginning of nurse anesthetists in 1887. Since then, they have been instrumental in continuing improve anesthetic techniques and equipment. Although formal education for nurse anesthetists was not made available until 1909, it is the earlier nurse anesthetists who paved the way for safe anesthesia and opened door to this specialty for nurses. Patients reported less discomfo rt and the surgeons reported fewer deaths due to trauma during operations.Currently Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA) are licensed professional nurses who go through extensive training after receiving their Registered Nurse (RN) degree. This is considered a specialized field and requires nurses to become board certified through a state exam before being able to practice as a CRNA. The purpose of this study was to inform and educate about the women in nursing who lead the way in development and application of anesthesia. Alice McGaw is little known to mainstream society and yet she provided some of the most comprehensive studies to this profession.She also spent her life as a practicing nurse anesthetist and earned the title â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia† Alice McGaw is known as the â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia†, a title given her by Dr. Charles Mayo. She was born in 1860 and little else can be found regarding her upbringing or schooling prior to 1893. It was in this year that she became the nurse anesthetist to Drs William J. and Charles H. Mayo of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Nursing anesthesia was the first clinical nursing specialty and in the beginning consisted of predominately women.Factors attributing to this were low wages, most nurses were female and it was considered to be a deferential position with the surgeon in charge of it all. Before the inclusion of nurse anesthetists in surgical procedures, most anesthesias had been administered by medical students or physicians with little or no anesthesia training. During the Civil War (1861-1865) anesthesia was used on the wounded but very little because it was considered too dangerous. It was not until 1878 that the first â€Å"official† nurse anesthetist came into being.The first school of nursing anesthesia was not formed until 1909. Surgeons began seeking nurse anesthetists to try to decrease the mortality numbers and because nurses could focus their entire atte ntion on the patient rather than on the operation. Anesthesia evolved differently in Europe and the United States. Chloroform was the preferred choice in Europe and ether the preference in the United States. One of Alice McGaw’s major accomplishments was her expertise in the open drop inhalation method of anesthesia using a combination of ether and chloroform.It was this expertise that earned her the title â€Å"Mother of Anesthesia†. She perfected this method while working for Dr. Charles Mayo and it was he who gave her this moniker. McGaw was also very concerned with the patient’s mental state prior to surgery. She believed that the patient should be prepared with soothing words before being anesthetized. She refined a technique that prepared the patient mentally so as to increase the effectiveness of the anesthesia It was this technique that lead to a decrease in mid-operative anesthesia being required.It was in 1899 that Alice McGaw published the first paper ever written by a nurse anesthetist based on her work in nursing anesthesia. The paper was titled â€Å"Observations in Anesthesia† and was published in the Northwestern Lancet. Alice McGaw went on to publish five papers total on the subject of nurse anesthesia. The paper in 1906 published in Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics was titled â€Å"A Review of 14,000 Surgical Anesthetics†. It noted that in the 14,000 surgical procedures for which she had been the anesthetist, there had been no complications or deaths attributed to problems with the anesthetic or its application.This was a milestone in the field of nursing anesthesia. . During the time that McGaw was the nurse anesthetist for Drs. William J. and Charles H. Mayo, she and Dr. Charles Mayo set up a showcase for surgery and anesthesia. This showcase attracted students from all over the world. This was not formal training but encouraged many students to implement McGaw’s technique with anesthesia. St. Mar y’s Hospital, where McGaw was the nurse anesthetist for the Mayo brothers later became the world famous Mayo Clinic. McGaw worked for Drs. William J. and Charles H.Mayo from 1893-1908. Between 1912 and 1920, almost 20 post graduate schools for nurse anesthesia opened. The Mayo Clinic was among one of those offering the program. It was McGraw’s early work that helped to achieve the success of the nurse anesthetist and its subsequent training programs. She and other like her pioneered the field of nurse anesthesia. Previously physicians were 95 percent male and nursing was not a specialized field. This changed with the addition of the nurse anesthetist. Nurse Anesthetists today are Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNA).These are licensed professional nurses (RNs) who want o specialize in anesthesia. They are required to take extensive training and must be board certified by exam before being able to provide services to patients and surgeons. In 1931 the National Association of Nurse Anesthetists (NANA) was formed. It would later become the American Association of Nursing Anesthetists (AANA). It was the first national organization for practicing anesthetists and still exists today. In 1986, the Clinical Anesthesia Practitioner Award was established by the AANA.This award was to recognize the accomplishments of Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists who have made important contributions to the advancement of nurse anesthesia. In 1998 this award became the Alice McGaw Outstanding Clinical Practitioner Award to honor McGaws achievements as a nurse anesthetist and for her publications on her work. Without Alice McGaw, nursing anesthesia would not have moved ahead as quickly. Her dedication to perfecting her craft and the publications that she allowed others to learn from were instrumental in the field of nursing anesthesia.Her training and showcasing taught others the importance of anesthesia and its application. Certified Registered Nurse Ane sthetists of today can practice their skills with confidence because of the importance Alice McGaw placed on knowing and perfecting the specialty of anesthesia. She was one of the most important forerunners in her field and her legacy continues to evolve with advancements and achievements based on her work. References 1. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) History of Nurse Anesthesia Practice Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http://www. aana. com/aboutaana. aspx? ucNavMenu_TSMenuTargetID=173&ucNavMenu_2. American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) A Brief Timeline of Nurse Anesthesia Retrieved November 30, 2006 from http://www. aana. com/archives/timeline. asp 3. Bankert, M. Watchful Care: A History of America’s Nurse Anesthetists. New York: Continuum 1989 4. Evans, T. CRNA, MS What is a CRNA? (1998) http://www. anesthesia-nursing. org/wina. html 5. Michigan Association of Nurse Anesthetists (2006) History of Nurse Anesthesia Practice Retrieved November 30 , 2006 from http://www. miana. org/history/history. html 6. Thatcher, V. History of Anesthesia with Emphasis on the Nurse Specialist Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953

Stereotypes in the Classroom

â€Å"If Americans are to embrace diversity, the conscious and unconscious expressions of racism (sexism) within our society must be identified and done away with. † Teachers must prepare themselves and the children for the ever changing challenge of interacting and communicating with diverse races. Reduction of fear, ignorance, and personal detachment are possible benefits to a multicultural education ( (Wilson). Multicultural education is the potential catalyst to bring all races together in harmony. Educators today have a moral responsibility to move beyond the limits of racial context to a social context that embraces humanity without barriers and fear. The responsibility of teachers is to get to know the children and the families that will be entering the program. Classrooms need to reflect every child and every family in the class. Do not make assumptions of what a child’s ethnic background is. This is putting a stereotype as to what you think of that culture. Get to know the children so that you can respectfully and accurately reflect them, their families and their lifestyles in the classroom ( (York, 2003). Children should feel like they belong in the class. Teachers need to make sure that they greet each child by name as they enter the classroom at the beginning of the day and to say good bye at the end of the day. Teachers need to remember to stay away from commercial teaching materials. Cartoon imagines inaccurately portray human beings and human diversity (York, 2003). Multicultural children’s books can be used effectively as a means for coming to understand individual human stories, and the universal emotions and themes they contain. Teachers need to be careful when picking books to use in the classroom. A book may look good when you first look at it but it may contain one or more stereotypic images. Teachers need to be very critical in evaluating books that they want to use in the classroom. Make sure that authors are writing fiction for young children that authenticate a culture’s heritage.

Bremont Watches Introduction

The good thing for luxury product is that they generally faced very less competition as there are not so many companies who produces the same luxury products and try to allure the customers. But still the competitors required to be managed at very large scale. In case of watches the number companies who produce luxury watches are comparatively high (Sarvary, 2006). Here the competition analysis has been done for Bremont watches. Further, the positioning and segmentation had also done in an appropriate manner. This report provided the clear overview about the competition level within the industry and its impact on the positioning of Bremont watches. Company overview The cited organization is active in the business of manufacturing the luxury watches and has created its huge reputation with respect to dealing with upper section of the society. The major factor which determines their success is their collaboration and dedication to some of the leading companys active in various other industries. The company commenced its business year 2002 in England and till now they have developed their business like anything. They are growing their business immensely and more that they grow of trust of customers enormously. The success of the company could be measured by the fact that they have captured a huge market share in just a span of 13 years. The overview of Bremont watches couldnt be finished without describing its most innovative and unique brand in the history of watches (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2010). It is to acknowledge that the brand has set all the parameters since its inception when they start a journey from Thames England. Trip Tick case design i s the technology which is used by Bremont watches. Use of genuine steel and crystal is something which provides the strong base of the companys product range. The tag line of the company is trusted beyond endurance could be realized within their technological development within their products. The main aim of the company is to deliver maximum value to the customers and ensuring the high level of luxury, style and elegance within the product range. Competitors/Competitive advantages/ USP The list of competitive advantage for the Bremont watches is very huge. The USPs for brand is completely amazing and inspiring as they have set all the benchmarks which helped them in creating their distinctive identity and becoming the most valuable brand. The major USP is that the Bremont watches are highly COSC certified and it just increases the reliability. Another competitive advantage factor is related to their exceptional range of products. They manufactured pilots watches and other watches which are suitable for mountaineers, people who dive or remain in water for a longer period of time, celebrities, etc. the range of products is very immense and it just increases their market ratio as well. Further, the USP is that company produces the products which are handmade and these watches are just limited editions. EP 120 is very fine example where a company sets the standards and increases their sales ratio at very large scale (Schultz, Tannenbaum and Allison, 1996). Further, the USP is that Bremont watches have created their international collaboration and tie ups with other renowned brands, Martin Baker, Jaguar and Norton are some of the greatest brands which are associated with Bremont watches and indicates towards the level of luxury status of the cited brand. It is a USP for the company that they have emerged as one of the leading watch manufacturing brand in the entire UK or in the British history. The partnership with Jaguar provides the new height of success of to watch manufacturers and enable them to increase their competitive advantage. The design of watches is also attractive which creates their distinctive identity as compare to its competitors. There are various other innovative approaches which also increase the competitive advantage of the mentioned business entity (Sharp, 1991). The company has a competitive edge in investing into their business and most importantly the business entity increase their expertise as well. The technological adv ancement of the company is also allowing them to put positive impression at the mindset of customers. The company believes that the main component of being a luxury brand is introducing the pioneer technology and giving the strong edge to the products. The industry standards have been followed by the company which also corroborates towards the highest level of competitiveness. Further, the brand endorsements have also done in an appropriate manner by the company. In order to increase the unique features of the product and to outrun the competitors the company have got into tie ups not only with other companies, but also they have their association with celebrities as well (Vieceli And Valos, 2000). It also increases their competitive advantage and can definitely put positive impact at the buying decision of the consumers. The material which company used is something which enables them to get the support and appreciation of industry experts and authority bodies. The raw material used for watches is completely fine and is of superior quality. Thus, on the basis of above discussion two major factors that could be treated USP are the strategic alliance and innovation. The strategic alliance is now a days very much significant to survive or to outrun the competitors. Ahead innovation is something which is essential element to become the luxury brands. Thus it becomes clear that the company has developed its edge on the ground of legal aspects as well. All the industry standards have been followed and different layer technology has used by the mentioned organization. The list of competitors for the company is Tag Heuer, Swatch, Rolex and other Swiss international watch brands. The Bremont watches have to face the intense competition in their industry. These international brands have also created their huge market and distinctive identity (Wang and Tang, 2003). These brands have a niche market and can capture the market share of Bremont watches if they dont follow the continuous improvement and innovation within their products . Even the competitors have got the leverage of excellent customer loyalty and it just allows them to improve their market share and profitability. Further the competitive analysis state that this situation creates the intense competition within the industry. Overall the Bremont watches have to utilize their USPs in proper manner and there is need of bringing the strategic alliances so that the brand awareness could be created and most importantly the brand value could also reach at high level. Segmentation After gaining the important knowledge about the competitive advantage for the cited organization, there is a huge requirement of gaining the proper understanding about their segmentation process. It is clear that the company is focusing upon the people who can afford the luxurious products and can purchase their items. The company is focusing upon segmenting the people in different basis and even they are clear with their market, but still they have followed the very common principle related to the segmentation. It is something which is very much crucial for any organization. The company has segmented its market on the three basis one is demographic segmentation, second is the geographical segmentation and at least the company has focused upon the psychographic segmentation (Yelkur and Herbig, 1996). All these kind of segmentation basis has their own criterias which could enable an organization to understand their market and the strategies could be developed accordingly. The demographic segmentation is the one in which company segments the market on the basis of income and age group. The company has identified the higher income group people and has definitely lead towards higher profits. The people who have handsome income opportunities can afford the Bremont watches and the company is also focusing upon those people. Ahead in demographic segmentation the major categorization has been done on the ground of age group as well. The people who fall in the middle age group are mostly targeting people for the company. They are the one who is actually attractive towards the luxury watches and the company definitely attracts them in a successful manner. Thus, in the demographic segmentation the higher income people and middle age people have been segmented. Further the occupational level the executive, business class, pilots and people who got interested in some sort of adventurous works they are the part of companys segmentation. Further company produced pr oduct for men and the gender basis segmentation is also dependent upon male customers (Fuchs and Diamantopoulos, 2010). Thus, it is a complete description about the demographic segmentation related to Bremont watches. On the basis of Geographical location the places which are economically sound the population is having a good industrial development ratio are the part of segmented areas of Bremont watches. Here the segmentation has been done on the regional basis. Only the developed economies have been segmented for providing the products. Japan, Spain, UK, etc. these are certain regions where the company is selling their products and good profit margins as well. Here at these places the company good impact on the customers and is able to attract more customers. Geographically the segmentation has been done with respect to business development as well. The class of people and their economic stability, per capita income and status also become part of segmentation with relevance to any region or area. It is something which is positive for the company and is generating a high level of business for them (Donnelly and Harrison, 2009). At last the psychographic segmentation is also quite good in terms of segmenting the market. It is the most common basis of segmentation on the ground of luxurious products. In order to increase the sales ratio of luxurious brands the psychographic segmentation should gain huge priority. As mentioned above that status quo is the basis of buying the luxurious products so it is a basis of psychographic segmentation. It is to acknowledge that the brand has divided the people on the basis of their influence and incline towards the luxury brands and watches. The limited edition watches are the example of such segmentation. Company segments the people on the basis of their habits as well. Some people have a habit to collect the limited edition watches so company segments the market as per the habitual basis. It is something which is highly positive for the company. Thus, in case of luxurious products the habitual customers, status quo and people who want to feel self actualization and full satisfaction should be the basis of psychographic segmentation and Bremont watches have also shown their adherence towards the same factor (Banerjee and Dholakia, 2012). Therefore, above the description of company segmentation strategies have been depicted and it shows that company is clear with their market segment and prepare the product line accordingly. Segmented customer profile for Bremont watches include male category and people who lie in the age 25 above as they people can afford the watches of a cited organization and they have a good reputation in their work. Income range is also high and they lay into the category of premium class customers. Further the regional segmentation includes the big and economically stable cities all around the globe. The people who believe in maintaining the status quo, and these brands have become their identity, thus it just becomes the suitable to focus on the upper section of society. Therefore, these kinds of people have fall into the segmentation category. Targeting Targeting is moreover dependent upon the segmentation process. Once the company is clear with their segments which they need to follow or target, then the targeting strategy could be developed in easiest way. Here the targeting has been done in a niche market. The company is not going here and there to find the customers. They have set mindset which allows them to focus on a particular range of customers (-Marsden, 2002). However the company has different plans for their different products. In case of increasing the sales ratio with respect to the proper segmentation the campaigning of Bremont watches is quite attractive. With the help of niche marketing they never get distracted through their main goals and objectives and it is something which allows them to get success. As they have luxury brands so they just try to maintain the niche market and follow the regular customers. In the case of luxurious brands the customer retention and customer loyalty is the major factor which revolv es around the targeting strategy. Here the entire focus is set on retaining the employees so that customer loyalty could be increased (Mcleod, 2007). For the purpose of new customer acquisition the company produced or manufactured different kind of products and they try to retain them until and unless they have not been reached at the stage of customer loyalty. The satisfaction is not guaranteed as the customers are highly elegant and deliver an excellent product to its customers. It can definitely create tough competition. Other luxurious brands also target the same category of market and it is essential to prepare concrete niche marketing strategies. The competitors of Bremont watches have their strong association with customers and have maximum reach as compare to the cited organization. Therefore, it is clear that the company is doing well and the strong combination of targeting and segmenting is allowing them to increase their brand value in a very short period of time. Positioning The company has positioned itself in well organized and proper manner. They are highly effective in gaining the attention of customers. Not only the customers; the company has attracted various brands as well, so that it facilitate them to improve their brand name. Associating with apex brands in the automobile industry like Jaguar is one kind of positioning status, which facilitates to increase the profitability and generating more business (Schaefer, 2011). In order to attract the customers, the company has positioned themselves at all the media platforms. The YouTube is the best source to get knowledge about history and other product details. Further other social media websites also register the presence of Bremont watches and it also allowed them to position themselves in an appropriate manner. It is to acknowledge that the Bremont watches now have become major brand and people have started to follow the brand. Through celebrity endorsements the company is in a position to attrac t an upper section of the society and has positioned the product as a status symbol (Goller, Hogg and Kalafatis, 2002). It is most crucial element of company positioning strategies that the brands have successfully created the brand value for status symbol and wearing the watches of Bremont company has become a fashion trend. They never compromise with the quality of product and always ensure the quality check for the purpose of maintaining the excellence and market leadership in a British region or other geographical areas where the company is having its operations. The chronometer, code breaker, EP 120, etc. these are certain limited edition brands which have also improved the positioning strategies for the company. To improve the positioning the brand has successfully brought a transformation in various forms. They have introduced some elegant wall clocks with painting within itself and it just gives a new edge to their business and helps in creating the distinctive identity (Cla rke and Freytag, 2008). Conclusion Thus, on the basis of above study it could be stated that the company has understood their market and their vision was clear from the very beginning. They were focused on the innovative business approach and manufactured the watches for a special purpose. First, they target the pilots and aircraft related business and manufactured elegant watches for them and then switch to wide market but still maintain the luxury and style. Their segmentation was proper which support the targeting as well as positioning strategies. However, the level of competition is immense and other luxurious watch brands have catered the major chunk of the market. ReferencesBanerjee, S. and Dholakia, R., 2012. Location-based mobile advertisements and gender targeting. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing. 6(3). pp.198214. Clarke, A. and Freytag, P., 2008. An intra- and inter-organisational perspective on industrial segmentation: A segmentation classification framework. European Journal of Marketing. 4( 10). pp.10231038. Donnelly, R. and Harrison, G., 2009. The Marketing Planning Process. Routledge.Fuchs, C. and Diamantopoulos, A., 2010. Evaluating the effectiveness of brand-positioning strategies from a consumer perspective. European Journal of Marketing. 44(12). pp.17631786.Goller, S., Hogg, A. and Kalafatis, S., 2002. A new research agenda for business segmentation. European Journal of Marketing. 36(2). pp.252271. Marsden, P., 2002. Brand positioning: memes the word. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 20(5). pp.307312. Mcleod, S., 2007. Diffusion of Innovation. [Online]. Available through: http://dangerouslyirrelevant.org/2007/06/diffusion_of_in.html. [Accessed on 6th May 2015].Sarvary, M. 2006. Market Segmentation, Target Market Selection, and Positioning. Harvard Business School.Schaefer, A., 2011. Introduction to Marketing in Business. The Open University.Schiffman, L. and Kanuk, L. 2010. Consumer behavior. 10thed. Harlow: Prentice Hall.Schultz, D., Tannenbaum, S. and Allison, A., 1996. Essentials of Advertising Strategy. NTC Business Books.Sharp, B., 1991. Competitive Marketing Strategy: Porter Revisited. Marketing Intelligence Planning. 9(1). pp.410.Vieceli, J. And Valos, M., 2000. Marketing Management. Atlantic Publishers Distri. Wang, Y. S. and Tang, T. I., 2003. Assessing customer perceptions of web site service quality in digital marketing environments. Advanced Topics in End User Computing. 3(3). p.16.Yelkur, R. and Herbig, P., 1996. Global markets and the new product development process. Journal of Product Brand Management. 5(6). pp.3847.

Samsung are developing a phone with a bendable screen. Design a Coursework

Samsung are developing a phone with a bendable screen. Design a marketing comms plan for the launch and first six months of Samsuns new smartphone - Coursework Example For example, when a new brand is advertised in the developing markets, the consumers increase their demand for the commodity resulting to higher sales for the company. As one of the 4 Ps of marketing, communication is intended to have strategic and tactical implications with the former being long term and the latter short term. The reasons for using market communications include encouraging transaction by differentiating the brands, reinforcing, informing the customers, and persuading the potential buyers. Notably, for communication to have positive impact, consumers must be moved through a series of stages. These include creating awareness, creating interest, evaluation, trial and adoption (Kurtz, 2010). During communication, various tools are used such as advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, direct marketing, public relations, exhibition and digital media. Samsung is a South Korea based multinational company with numerous outlets but the headquarters is based in Seoul. H aving been founded in 1938 by Lee Byung-Chul, the company is well known for producing quality brands that meet the needs of the consumers. Some of the quality brands that Samsung produce include Samsung Galaxy Tab A LTE, Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.0 LTE, and Samsung Galaxy Tab S6 among others. This paper aims at discussing the marketing communication of Samsung in their effort to market a new smartphone which has user friendly features that makes it a competitive brand in the mobile sector. Samsung are developing a phone with a bendable screen. The product, which is expected to enjoy a strong positive relationship with the consumers, is expected to generate a turnover of $25 million in the first 6 months. In order to ensures that the consumers easily access the new brand, Samsung will establish various outlets mostly in the major cities in emerging market such Cape Town in South Africa, Mumbai in India and SÃ £o Paulo in Brazil. The company logistics system will also involve trucks whose role

Supreme Court Rulings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Supreme Court Rulings - Essay Example Perhaps the most important aspect of this case is that the decision of the court to convict Johnson was against his right to symbolic speech, and was in the interest of ‘keeping the peace’ and retaining the flag as a symbol of unity. The fact that Johnson was acting in the interest of freedom of speech, using the desecration of the flag to illustrate his perspective, was considered by some (but by no means all; the final decision by the Supreme Court was 5-4 in Johnson’s favor) to be against the First Amendment. The First Amendment was brought into question here because it suggests that any individual in the United States has the freedom of speech, but the issue here is that flag-burning is not a vocal act but a physical one. It was questionable for some whether Johnson’s act should have been protected by the First Amendment or not (). The decision of the Supreme Court led to the invalidation of laws prohibiting the burning of the flag in 48 out of the 50 s tates. The majority evidently found that flag-burning was inappropriate in many cases but not a legal issue, as Johnson would have been free to burn the flag in private. Additionally, flag-burning was not found to be a unique act, in that it should not be separated from the rulings of the First Amendment simply because it is not a vocal act; it is a act symbolic of freedom of speech. Those who were against the choice felt, however, that Johnson was being inappropriate, and that the flag is a sacred or revered object that needs to be protected. Many also felt that as flag-burning had the potential to cause outrage, it was in the interest of peace to ensure that punishment was given. The importance of this case is that it shows that freedom of speech is alive within the United States, despite the fact that this aspect of the First Amendment seems to protect acts that many Americans find unsavory. It is difficult to say which side was in the right here, as is evidenced by how close the ruling of the Supreme Court is. It seems sensible to protect the flag as it is an emblem of the United States, but freedom of speech is another sacred emblem. It seems necessary to uphold the values of both, although perhaps freedom is more valuable than the simple imagery of the flag. Lee v Weisman Lee v Weisman is one of the most important cases in U.S. history because it was the first Supreme Court case regarding the freedom of religion and prayer in schools. Weisman, the father of a child graduating from Nathan Bishop Middle School, sought a restraining order on a rabbi who was due to speak at his daughter’s graduation ceremony. This was refused, and the parents decided to attend the ceremony, despite the fact that it was voluntary. After the ceremony, the family continued to seek litigation, and the vote was decided 5-4 in the Weisman’s favor. The main reason for this decision is that the constitution forbids all types of coerced prayer (not just forced), despite the fact that this prayer was written to be nonsectarian and inclusive. The fact that the Weisman family had a choice in whether to attend the graduation ceremony was also not found to be a suitable defense, because it is such an important occasion that, despite the fact the choice was there, no real choice was offered. The thought of the opposition was that the prayer was ensured to illustrate the

Edit my summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edit my summary - Essay Example udy where the researchers focus mainly on how twitter helped public relation specialists in building relationships by having followers on twitter who helped in reaching out to other effective individuals or organizations. The communication on twitter can be bilateral if the two parties are following each other and it can be unilateral if only one party is following. Khalid Al†Shohaib, Ali A. J. Al†Kandari, & Masaud A. Abdulrahim (2009) mention the role of the Internet in facilitating the public relations practitioner tasks especially when the organization is facing competition. This study will be analyzing the usage of the Internet by Saudi public relations practitioners and that their Internet existence is tied to religious and political values. Diffusion of innovation theory is used to show Internet’s role in public relations in Saudi Arabia by sending surveys to the main three metropolitan regions in Saudi Arabia divided between public and private organizations. The findings highlighted that only 46 per cent of public relation practitioners are using the Internet to facilitate their tasks. Al-Enad (1992) discussed how public relations operate in different settings using public relation models. He used the critical theory and the ethical theory. The public relations practitioners are the link between the organization and the stakeholders. The focus to public relations focus can be divided into several categories that include organizational PR where the practitioners’ focus is the organizations goals, responsible PR where the needs of stakeholders come first, and balanced PR, which is based on dialog as well as considering the needs of organization and the stakeholders. The result of this study showed that the majority of organizations are trying to meet the needs of both parties. Saxton, G. D. & Waters, R. D. (2014). What do Stakeholders Like on Facebook? Examining Public Reactions to Nonprofit Organizations’ Informational, Promotional, and

Copyright Law and Technological Advances Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Copyright Law and Technological Advances - Essay Example In the context of the Internet, copyright law operates in such a way that the interests of the genuine owner of creative works, and the rights to the public to access such works are balanced. Hence, protecting creativity in the context of the Internet implies the promoting of intellectual development. In the absence of such protection for intellectual creativity, public access to information would be restricted. Hence, copyright law has to provide sufficient protection to copyright owners and also restrict the infringements that take place on the internet. Damages for such infringements have to be compensated to the owner of copyrights. The infringements of copyrights are increasing in number, due to the rapid expansion of the Internet. The relevant legislation has not kept apace with this proliferation of the Internet. It remained static and was unable to cope with the new and innovative methods of infringing copyrights.

Knapps Relational Development in the Movie No Strings Attached Essay

Knapps Relational Development in the Movie No Strings Attached - Essay Example This essay discusses that according to Knapp, Initiating as the first stage of the relationship begins with the simple introduction between two individuals. Between Adam and Emma, their relationship began at a summer camp when they were young teenagers. Their body language apparently shows that it was an awkward meeting, especially with the way their small talk has progressed. Seeing each other again after five years in a fraternity party when they were university students was made led to what Knapp calls the Experimenting stage in a relationship. When Emma invited Adam to her father’s funeral, it became obvious in the movie that she is not comfortable talking about situations concerning emotions. Calling her father’s funeral â€Å"this thing† shows that it is her way of coping with the loss of a member of her family. Although Emma did not express her feelings and beliefs about the situation and certain issues to Adam, her gestures simply speak of her opening up herself and sharing her beliefs with him. Bringing someone to an event where he or she meets the family is a step further to making closer and letting them know that you are no longer just an acquaintance. A father’s funeral is rather a very emotional and personal event that is supposed to be shared only to people who we know well and we are familiar with, physically and emotionally. In addition, the mere introduction of Adam to her family made Emma open up a part of her life to Adam, which makes their relationship move further to Knapp’s second phase of relational development.... m to her family made Emma open up a part of her life to Adam, which makes their relationship move further to Knapp’s second phase of relational development. It took Adam and Emma a few more years to see each other again and continue where they left off. After running into each other in a farmer’s market in Los Angeles, they exchanged contact numbers and promised to keep in touch. However, it was only after Adam’s desperation after finding out his father is living with his ex-girlfriend that they were able to get together again. Adam, having exposed his vulnerability to Emma when he passed out and slept over at her apartment, became comfortable talking with her. After a short conversation and a few laughs, they made out right before Emma went to work. When Emma seemed to be ignoring his messages and calls, Adam surprised her at the hospital with a heart-shaped balloon hoping she would be impressed by the gesture and probably for them to become a couple considering what just happened the morning before. To his surprise, Emma was â€Å"not the type who is good at relationships.† When they saw each other again and had sex the second time at Adam’s place, Emma proposed an agreement to Adam for which he thought he could â€Å"handle.† The Intensifying stage of their relationship began at this point as they have agreed to â€Å"use each other for sex† since Emma thought it would be better for them so they would not have to have breakfast together when they wake up. Having breakfast is in fact a common gesture for couples who are in a real relationship, and it is usually at breakfast when couples get to talk about each other and makes plans. Obviously, this situation is what Emma wanted to avoid. She does not feel comfortable feeling vulnerable and needy of a man next to

Economic development in the United States from the Revolutionary War Essay

Economic development in the United States from the Revolutionary War to the Civil War - Essay Example In other words the paper describes the American economy from 1775 up to 1865. During the revolutionary war period, the British made attempts to crush down the American economy through blockading all the ports. However, with over 90 percent of the population practicing farming, it was not an easy task for the economy to be crushed. Thus, according to Atack and Passell (98-99), the economy of America during the revolutionary war period proved to be resilient and was able to sustain the war. The Congress and the most of the American states financed the war using various ways. At the time of declaration of American independence in 1776, the economies of the thirteen original states were stable. The adoption of the United States constitution in 1787 also facilitated the growth of America’s economy to large extents. The constitution for instance, stated that the entire nation was a common market, devoid of internal tariffs and taxes on interstate commerce. This greatly stimulated economic growth. The first secretary of the treasury, Alexander Hamilton championed a myriad of reforms that saw the US economy thrive (Rousseau, and Sylla 9). He established a strong national credit. This was based on taking over the incumbent state debts and adding them up to the old state debts into new securities which were in turn sold to the rich people. He also funded the state debts through tariffs imposed on imported goods as well as a high tax on whiskey. Hamilton succeeded in diversifying the American economy by ameliorating the manufacturing, banking and shipping sectors. Through his efforts, the first Bank of the United States was established in 1791.However, the bill for the establishment of the first Bank of the United States provided for a twenty year charter for the bank. This implies that, the charter was to be renewed in 1811. Even so, the Bank of the United States is credited for solving a plethora of monetary problems that had marred the United States

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations Research Paper

Leadership Issues of Different Not for Profit Organizations - Research Paper Example INTRODUCTION: Ongoing changes and advancements in the overall scenario of the world have placed additional importance on the role of the leader in any organization. Leader is a person who directs and guides a certain group of people for the achievement of a particular objective or aim (Fleishman, 1953). Leaders are associated with the tasks of not only managing the people but they have to perform their own tasks and become an inspiration for others. Leadership has evolved as one of the most studied and researched areas. The concept of leadership has been closely associated with the ideas of organizational structure, organizational culture, employee motivation, employee productivity, and overall performance of the organization (Judge, Bono, Ilies, & Gerhardt, 2002). There are different styles of leadership which are based on several factors. These various styles of leadership have certain implications on the output generated by the organizations. Despite of the considerable research work in the area of leadership, researchers have been ignoring the importance and other implications of leadership in the nonprofit sector. Young Entrepreneurs Association of Laos (YEAL) has been established with the aim of promoting youth entrepreneurship in the country and supporting different young entrepreneurs. This Not for Profit association facilitates the growth of new business ventures on part of youth. This not only helps the young entrepreneurs but also improves the status of overall economy.

Art Essay Example for Free

Art Essay * Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the daughter of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov. She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess Maria Feodorovna, later Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna. The second portrait by John Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the â€Å"Margaret† depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch. However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom – they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple – no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The following piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze the fundamental differences. Point out the major mutual points.

Innocence and Experience Essay Example for Free

Innocence and Experience Essay At one point in our lives we were all children, learning things about life, experiencing new things, and understanding life’s lessons. We were all naive and knew nothing about the world around us, we were all innocent to life and what it had to bring. It was not until we grew older that we began to lose our innocence with every new experience. Growing older means taking responsibility, accepting and overcoming life’s hardships and understanding oneself. So as we reach adulthood we begin to question when the conversion from innocence to experience occurs and what causes and marks this coming of age. In the novel They Poured Fire on Us From The Sky, the characters and plot prolong the opposition of innocence and experience and show us how they continuously overlap and occur throughout the lifetime of an individual. By analyzing the boy’s experiences of being refugees, their encounters with war, and their relationship and appreciation for the Dinkaland, we become aware of the connection between innocence and experience and how it is portrayed and represented in the novel. Starvation, isolationism, and confusion, are words we unknowingly associate with refugees. None of us can fully understand and begin to relate to the thoughts and emotions of refugees. Most of what we know has been through books or media where the hardship of refugee life is depicted as horrifying, desperate, and unresponsive. In They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, one of the main characters, Alepho depicts life as a refugee while giving us instances of experience where we are shown his loss of innocence. Through the text Alepho gives us a first hand account of his experience with being a refugee and how he has matured, transitioned into adulthood, and through all of this has ultimately been stripped of his innocence. â€Å" The Soldiers who came to camp always said, â€Å"You know, I think there will be peace. † But although people always hoped and prayed for peace, peace never came and we lost hope† (Deng 271). Not only does this show how through their experiences they realize peace will never come but also how they have given up on hoping for a better future. Their innocence has been lost through every thought of hope that has never been achieved. At only a young age Alepho and the other boys have already experienced so much devastation, corruption and loneliness, leaving only their childhood memories as a connection to their innocence. Not only did being a refugee leave mental scars but it also had a lasting impact on their physical well-being. â€Å"Being a refugee is something that many people cannot understand. Refugee life was like being devoured by wild animals. We lived five of us in one house. The little ration we received we collected together and cooked as a meal once a day. Though we had an appetite there wasn’t enough to eat as young growing boys with tender bones and body. Nutritional diseases were rampant in the camp. Children died from marasmas, kwashiorkor, anemia, and beriberi. Rickets was the worst with the young boys; almost every boy was bow-legged. It was hard for boys to go to school with empty stomachs. An empty stomach cannot carry a healthy mind† (Deng 274). This depicts a more vivid picture of what refugee life was like and how impacting it was to their health. They became famished, and their health was slowly deteriorating with every meal that they skipped, and every disease acquired. As a result, we see how at such a young age the boys life was corrupted and how they had to experience things that most people don’t experience in a lifetime. Starvation, devastation, and loneliness, were the only things we as children saw in movies or games, we could never imagine ever experiencing it first hand. The boys were stripped of their innocence as children, grown to be familiar with an empty stomach, separated from their family, and above all had no place to truly call home. Through each experience they faced they lost all ties to their innocence and were forced to mature in a world of corruption, and isolationism. We have all heard the word war, whether through textbooks in school, or stories passed down from our grandparents. We have all been some what introduced to the concept of war, World War I and II, Vietnam, The Civil War, and the current Middle Eastern War, are just some of the wars we have been taught about. However, none of us have experienced the horrific emotions, and psychological pain that comes along with being involved in war. We all know adults or friends who have served for our country, but what we are not familiar with are children who have been forced into war by means of cruelty. In the novel, the young boys are taken from their homes and forced into war, and the life of a refugee. â€Å" But I didn’t understand this complicated war, how it mortally devoured the land and left it so full of skeletons. The adults talked of the war all the time. They discussed slavery, apartheid, racism, segregation, and tribalism. They called it a religious war. A jihad. I heard all the words but I didn’t understand them. I think kids feel differently about things than adults do. From what I could see men or woman, children or adults, young or aged, rich or poor, war was making everyone equal† (Deng 123). This shows how the boys are naive and innocent to the war, and the reasoning and purpose of it, but this innocence is soon lost when the boys experience death of friends and family, life of a refugee, and the horrors of war. The boys are innocent in the fact that they do not understand the concept or reason for war but their experience throughout it show they have fully made the transition from innocence to experience or childhood to adulthood. Throughout the book we see how the boys show experience over innocence but when it comes to understanding war, and what causes it, the boys immaturity comes through. â€Å"We said that a lot. As children, seven or eight years old, we knew nothing about the world, just that we were not in our mama’s house no more† (Deng 123). The boys are so innocent to the world around them and what’s going on, that all they do know is that things have changed and they are not home anymore. At one point in the novel the boys experienced innocence. They were so naive to not only the world, but also to the concept of war. However, as we become more familiar with the boys and follow them on their endeavors as refugees we can see how through their experiences their innocence was lost. Family and friends, are something most of us take for granted, the thought of loosing them is indescribable. Family and friends are to most of us, the most structured and important relationships in our lives. Family is what helps you overcome difficulties, and friends are there to share laughs and build memories with. In some cases people have lost family members due to serious illness or other circumstances but very few to almost none in our society have been taken away from their families and community to be refugees of war. Alepho, Benjamin and Benson have all been taken away from their family and Dinkaland, and forced to be refugees of war. â€Å"Since my wandering began, there hasn’t been a day or night that I do not think back to my family, our people and lovely Dinkaland† (Deng 3). The boys have been taken away from their home and familiar way of life, to become refugees of the war. The boy’s loss of innocence is shown through every thought of family and home. They are so young and have been taken out of their familiar way of life to live a life of corruption and unfamiliarity. Through this we see how experience has a drastic effect on ones innocence, and we see through every experience the boy’s lose a touch of innocence. â€Å"When I sometimes have nightmares about all the things that happened when our peaceful village life turned to chaos, that feeling of not being able to move during my initiation still overcomes me† (Deng 10). This shows Alepho’s response to the war and when it finally arrived to their time. The memories of that day still haunt him, and overpower him with fear. One can say that this is the first time the boys innocence is lost and the last time we see his total state of innocence. This quote helps depict Alephos attitude and how much of a drastic affect it has on him. From their experiences, the boys lose their naivety and begin their world of maturity and responsibilities where they learn from experience, and ultimately make the transition from innocence to experience. In our society today events and cultural celebrations mark the coming of age such as birthdays, Sweet Six-teens, Graduation, and the ability to vote. Today age eighteen marks the beginning of adulthood where childhood becomes a thing of the past and society expects you to begin to take responsibility and show maturity in not only the choices you make, but also the actions you engage in. However as we can see in the novel They Poured Fire on Us From the Sky, Alepho, Benjamin, and Benson have all shown maturity through their experiences and consequently a loss of innocence. Through reading their stories and analyzing the text we can see how the boys experience in war, being a refugee, and their appreciation for the Dinkaland has forced them into the transition from innocence to experience, at such a young age. Ultimately we are shown that innocence and experience are directly related, with experience we lose innocence and with our innocence we are more vulnerable to experiences that will shape our lives. Both of these entities continuously overlap and often reoccur through out the life of an individual.

Theories of Motivation in Business Management

Theories of Motivation in Business Management Motivation is the factors that determine the grounds for engagement in a particular behavior by a person or persons. It attached with the beginning, route, the level of involvement and the sustaining at a particular level of behavior of a person. The grounds for a particular behavior may include the determinants which are varying from basic human needs to higher level of social needs. Motivation can be reflected through the energy and commitment of the individual or group to perform a certain task or tasks (Joseph 1989). The employee motivation is a crucial factor for every business at a same or sometimes at a higher level with compared to other businesses. It affects the every aspects of the business. The basic level of the motivation is reflected by the hard working work force. At this stage the productivity will be high and hence the cost of labor per unit will be reduced. However the mere improvements in productivity will not be the single factor that a firm can achieve by motivating its workforce. Motivated employees are performing to a high standard level of performance where favorable impacts over the customer satisfaction and the shareholder value can be gained. The motivated employees are less likely to engage in industrial actions or such other violence actions against the company. The employee conflicts and grievances may lower. Further the motivated employees would work effectively under minimum supervision. They will be enthusiastically learning new things relating to their jobs that wou ld enhance the quality of performance. Building or creating motivated employee force is a difficult task by which a high amount of effort and money are absorbed. More importantly the culture, leadership style and the management style affect the employee motivation. Therefore the motivated employee force is becoming a competitive source to the company. There are various theories that are built regarding employee motivation. Various philosophers have presented various models on employee motivation. Their efforts and numerous case studies on this topic show the importance of the subject matter to the todays business context. This assignment will present an introduction of those theories and the practice of those theories in the todays business environment with relevant case studies. Motivation Theories There are several theories of motivation of various philosophers such as Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Two Factor Theory, Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y, Kurt Lewins Force Field Theory, Victor Vrooms Expectancy Theory, F.W. Taylors Scientific Management, etc. At lower levels of the Maslows hierarchy of Needs theory the monetary benefits are considered to be the motivation factor. At the higher level of the hierarchy factors such as social respect, recognition, sense of belonging and empowerment are powerful than the monetary factor of motivation. Accordingly Maslow suggested that the money is a lowest important factor as a motivator of employees. McGregor has included money in his Theory X category and explained it as a poor motivator and in theory Y category he has placed social recognition and praise suggesting that they are strong motivators other than money. This section of the assignment will present explanations of those important theories of motivation before understand the practical usage of those theories to generate a motivated workforce (Werther and Davis 1985). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory This theory composed of two parts; classification of human needs and relating classes to each other. The classes of needs are as follows. The theory explains the order of the fulfilling needs as follows. Person begin from the bottom line of the hierarchy and will try to satisfy the very basic physical needs of hunger, thirsty, shelter, etc. When he has satisfied these needs then they are not motivators further. Hence he moves upward of the hierarchy. Then the person would seek for the safety at work, job security, etc to ensure his survival at workplace. Having ensured that he is safe his curiosity then will search for social needs such as belongingness, love, friendships, etc. the person would seek for colleagues to work with, share information, team work, communication, etc. Then the esteem needs will come forward. This is the need for being praised, given recognition or evaluation for a job well-done. The people normally seek for respect of others while sharing the happy and sorrow. Self-actualization is the way a person perceives himself. It measured by the extent of success and the amount of challenge of work. There are several problems attached with this model where as it has greater potential to appeal in the business world such as, It is no clear when would be a certain level is considered as satisfied Individuals may respond differently regarding the same need Sometimes individual behavior reflects the reaction for more than one need Model has ignored several conditions such as bearing a low-pay by an employee expecting future benefits Some critics argue that this model explain the behavior of middle-class workers in UK and USA (Forshaw and Korn 2010) Herzbergs Two Factor Theory This is a content theory of motivation whereas the main theory is the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs. Herzberg carried out a research utilizing 200 engineers and accountants. They were asked to memorize the situations when that they felt positive or negative feelings at their job and the reasons there of. According to his findings he presented a two-steps approach to understand employee motivation and satisfaction which are called as Hygiene factors and Motivator factors. There are several factors that can be used to eliminate the unpleasant working conditions at work. These fcators are called a Hygeine factors. These factors may include one or all of the following factors. Working conditions Company policies Administration Quality and the way of supervision Eetent of inter-personal relationships Salaries, wages and other financial benefits The job security The individuals need for personal growth determines the motivaor factors of the particular person. Motivator factors actively create job satisfaction when they exist. If those factors are effective then the individuals performance would be of above-average. The motivator factors may, Opportunity for growth in the job Entrusted responsibility Social status Recognition among others Challenging work Sense of achievement (Stephen 2002) Herzberg model more identical to the Maslows theory yet it focus specially on the higher levels of the hierarchy of needs. The factors in the lower level of the hierarchy are considered as generating dissatisfaction only when they are not met with. Motivator factors are specific to the job itself such as how interesting the work is and how much of responsibility whether it assumes. The hygiene factors are considering the factors that are related to the environment of the job such as the safety working environment and the resources to complete the job assigned. These factors facilitate or able the employees to perform the job rather motivate to do the job with an extra effort and interest. Herzberg identified pay as a Hygiene factor. According to his theory the businesses are required to adopt the democratic approaches to motivate employees. These approaches may include one or more of the followings. Job Enlargement: Employees are given a range of tasks that are in various areas of the business or fields. However these tasks must not assume much responsibility if so the motivation to the tasks would less. Job Enrichment: this assigns the employees with more complex tasks which are attached with the completion of full work unit. The tasks will be of more challenging and interesting. And at the end the employee will feel a sense of achievement. Employee Empowerment: Here the employees are delegated with more power to make decisions on the areas attached to their jobs. The responsibility of the decisions made also to be held by them. (Musselwhite 2004) F.W. Taylors Scientific Management Taylor has formed several assumptions about the human behavior at work base on observations of the research he carried out participating US steelworkers. Man is a rational economic animal who concerned with maximizing his economic growth. People respond as individuals and not as groups. People can be treated as standardized machines Taylor simply described that the motivation factor of people at work is money. He suggested that the pay based on the rates produced by an each worker will induce him to produce more and more to earn more. Further the employees who do not achieve target of a daily production should be paid less in order to induce them to meet daily target. And the employees who exceed the target production should be paid more to induce them to keep that productivity and to motivate others. Accordingly managers job is to tell the employees what to do and the employees target is to complete that and to be paid according to their production (Tripathi 1991) When presenting this theory Taylor has ignored that there are many individual differences which would affect the motivator factors of the employees. However his methods were highly implemented by the business world which experienced a higher productivity and lower unit cost. It also gave the beginning kick to the mass production. Workers were unhappy with the Taylors methods since it assigned them with boring, repetitive work that required them to effort greatly to maximize the earnings. The employees were treated as machines and business people redounded employees as the productivity grew. These situations lead many industrial disputes and industrial actions by the workers (Mathis and Jackson 2000). This model is closely related with the autocratic leadership style. Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y This theory presents two extremes of the behavior of people at work as theory X and theory Y. No individual would be necessarily categorized into one category but the whole behaviors will be in between the ends of X and Y. The characteristics of the two categories are as follows. Theory X Workers Theory Y Workers Dislike Work and avoid working as much as possible Who are lackof ambition Willing to be led by someone else than taking risk Highly seek for security and self-survival Managers will have to impose a management system of coercion, control and punishment to achieve the business objectives through such employees Highly interested in working and enjoy it Interested in taking risks and responsibilities Like to try new things and take challenges Work is considered as a source of satisfaction or punishment depending on the working conditions The management would face a challenge of creating a working environment that enable these employees to show their creativity and responsibility Elton Mayo Mayo suggested that employees are not mere considering the money and can be better motivated by giving them the opportunity to meet the social needs of the individuals. This is the Human Relationship Scholl of thought by which the managers are focused on considering more about the peoples relationship aspect understanding the how workers enjoy interactions. Mayos theory based on the extended research carried out in the Hawthorne factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago. From that research Mayo came into conclusion that employees can be better motivated by; Effective communication among managers and workers Greater manager involvement in employees working life Working in groups or teams Accordingly it is suggested that the greater use of team work, high involvement of managers in the workers working life, and encouraged two way communication would be benefiting the companies. The Mayos theory is more closely running with the paternalistic management style. (www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Definition_Employee_Motivation.html(Accessed on 03/05/2011) Role of Other Factors It is highly considered that the way of motivating employees is the financial rewards. However there are many other aspects of the scenario that would be considered by the managers and executives to motivate their subordinates. The factors would be different on the individual basis which will need to put more effort into their work. Such factors may include followings. Organization Culture The organizational culture has a direct relationship with the employees performance and level of motivation. If the elements of the culture fit with individuals background, values, beliefs, norms and expectations then the employees are automatically willing to work in the organization. If the corporate culture is built on the teamwork, encouragement, collaboration, evaluation, then the employees is likely to be motivated to put more efforts to bring the organizational objectives accomplished. More often employees seek for their leaders direction and support, and at the same time they look for the collaboration of teammates and co-workers (Werther, Davis, Shwind, Das and Miner 1985). Relationship with Leaders The leadership style can be significantly influence the motivation of employees. The qualities of the leader will determine the extent to which the e employees are contributed to the organization. If the leader is unfair, do not provide clear instructions, and negatively look at the things then the employees will lose their desire to work hard to accomplish the goals. The organizations leaders must communicate with its employees openly so that the employees are clear about the things that they are required to do. (Source: http://tutor2u.net.business/people/motivation, (Accessed on 01/05/2011) Management Style The organizational culture, the situation and the expectations and personality of the subordinates will determine the suitable style of a manager. The characteristics of the managers style would be of no fit with the changes in the organization and the cultural changes accompanied by that change. As an example in past the authoritarian style of the managers was appreciated with the bureaucratic organizations, but today the interest is more focused on participative or empowered managers who admire the democratic policies of management. Many of the management theories are supporting the that sort of management styles such as Total Quality Management, Management by Objective, employee empowerment, self-managed work teams, etc. A comprehensive review of the management styles and their contribution to motivated work force will be presented below. Management Style Participative Management Description:Â   Share information with employees and participate them in the decision making process Employees are entrusted with the responsibility of running their own departments and determine the appropriate policies and procedures Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Not suitable to adapted by every organizations and at every levels This is a remedy to the poor morale and low productivity that gain the results very soon to the organization Redistributed power will enhance the willingness to work If the culture supports and if the employees are competent enough then the participation will result in effective decisions and productive operations. Giving the employees recognition as they are important as the mangers and the stakeholders will satisfy their esteem needs. Theory X and Theory Y Description:Â   These theories are based on several assumptions. It explains two extremes of the involvement and utilizing efforts and energy to accomplish tasks by the employees Theory X explains the negative side of the performance and theory Y represents the positive side of the performance Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Considering the poor performance as the total fault of the employee by Theory X and therefore employees are motivated by the extrinsic rewards such as money, promotion, appraises, etc. The low productivity is considered as the fault of the management. Theory Z Description:Â   It represents the good characteristics of the both Japanese management and the Western management styles. The theory has combined those features of the management at every level of the organizations. The characteristics of this theory included long-term employment, less specialized career path, group decision making, informal control, etc. Concerns the all levels of needs of the employees. Concerning the employee well-being satisfies the physical and security needs of the employees. Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Team work and group decision making satisfy the social needs Encouragement to take risks and responsibilities will satisfy the higher level of needs such as self-esteem and self-actualization Management By Walking Around Description:Â   Managers can gather as much as possible information regarding the policies, procedures, employee matters, and other work related information Manager can maintain proper relationship with employees so that he would be considered as a counselor or advisor by the employees Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Leaving decision making responsibility with the employees will achieve the fastest response time Close relationship with manager will let the employees to present their suggestions, complaints and grievances as soon as they occur Self-Managed Work Teams Description:Â   This is a derivation of the employee empowerment Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â  The teams will comprise of about 10-15 employees who require minimum supervision Delegates the authority to decide on simple work related aspects such as how to spend money, what work to undertaken, etc Total Quality Management Description:Â   The all functions of the management are integrated to achieve a high quality product Quality is the responsibility of all employees and teamwork Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   The customer satisfaction is highly recognized Recognition is given from CEO to lower level employees to maintain quality Shared commitment to achieve the organizational objectives Encourages employees to grow, learn and participate in the business operations actively Encourages the continuing change and adaptation to the changing environment Management by objective Description:Â   Employees are participated in the establishing goals and objectives Overall organizational objectives are converted into employee objectives Steps are setting goals, participative decision making, implementing plans and performance feedback High involvement of the employees in decision making and goal setting related to their jobs Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Managers are empowered to implement, control their plans and performance. This motivate the managers to work hard for the company Periodical review of the employees performance will give the employees a sense of completion and will let them know what the areas to be improved more are. This will induce them to take more efforts to achieve the goals established with their participation Employee Empowerment Description:Â   The organization structures are change and the decision making is lapsed with the lowest levels of the organization The objectives of the empowerment is to speed up the decision making and giving solutions to problems regarding the business operations, give employees the opportunity to grow, and to lower organizational cost to managers by assigning them to various other projects Contribution to Motivated Work Force:Â   Employees will be trained to take high responsibilities and make more accurate, effective decisions quickly A sense of belongingness of the work they are engaged in will generate within the employees They think that the company is their own one and work hard to attain day-to-day work successfully www.ehow.com/about 5387352 definition-employee-motivation.html, (Accessed on 02/05/2011) The managers are obliged to select the suitable style for managing their subordinates and work which is suited to them, their subordinated personalities and general characteristics, the department they are assigned with and in general to the whole organizational setting and its culture. Management style highly correlated with the level of performance of the employees and outcome of the operations under their control. Managers must be delegated with the certain amount of authority and then their role becomes a nature of a leader. Then he must use suitable leadership traits to motivate and direct their subordinates to achieve the departmental/organizational objectives or outcome (Mathis and Jackson 2000). Reward System A properly designed reward system must be there in the organization by which the employees can attain such benefits. Employees must have the confidence that they can be rewarded with established performance criteria of the job. Further the rewards must be fairly distributed so that the employees can clearly identified that there is no any discrepancy over them. If the rewards are based on the performance evaluation procedure then all processes may transparent and the employees must clearly see that the evaluations are put on regularly and fairly (Joseph 1989) Job Title The job title will give the respective employee an idea about his role within the company, the extent to which he can contribute the accomplishment of organizational objectives. When the employees are aware about their importance to the organization they are automatically motivated to work hard to make their job effective (Deming 1986) Monetary Benefits Whether the money is being derecognized as a positive motivator it has proven to be more effective in practice. Selecting the right remuneration package for the employees is a challenge for nowadays. A number of ways are in use to motivate employees over their work such as; Time-rate pay Peace-rate pay Performance related pay Shares and share options Bonuses Commissions Pension There are several aspects of money to be an important motivator such as; Pay helps to satisfy many other needs of person such as esteem needs, safety needs, etc It is an important cost to the company It helps to attract competent employees It helps to retain skilled and competent employees It is subjected to various legislations such as National Minimum Wage (Cherrington 1994) Motivation in Practice Case Examples The Tesco Plc The UK giant retailer, Tesco Plc has provided its large workforce to join the company as prospective shareholders. Staff is enabled to be a part of the Tescos profit by share allocation based on their performance. The number of shares allocated to each employee is determined by the number of days worked in an each period. The Department of Education The UK Departmental Education Sector is in the view that the teachers pay must be linked to their performance. In 2002 the British government introduces a performance based bonus scheme to give rise to the teachers pay and to retain the existing staff and to attract new staff to the teaching sector. Nuclear Decommissioning Authority The NDA has utilized many theoretical perspectives of the employee motivation to motivate its employees. The NDA Way shows that several phenomena which is based on the fulfillment of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs as follows. Always acting safely and responsibly Building talent and teams Challenging themselves Learning from experience Being open and transparent Confronting problems Delivering whet they promised The NDA implemented the strategies like job enrichment, job enlargement, and job rotation, empowerment to effectively affect the employees motivation to carry out the organizational objectives effectively and efficiently. Its focus was to ensure that the employees are acquiring a range of skills and proficiency making the work is more interesting and challenging. Further the company introduced the flexibility into the workforce. The NDA involved in wide range of projects which are each project is of a unique challenge. Hence the authority required people with flexible people to work in teams and willing to learn continually and to take responsibility. Their team work and relationships were based on the Mayos Human Relations School of motivation. The NDA build relationships on a win-win basis. The staff encouraged to build necessary skills and competencies to adapt the variety of the work involved by the authority. The employees are delegated with Personal Development plans with SMART objectives and provide the path to professional development as well. Conclusion Motivation is crucial factor of the success of the organization these days. There are various theories have been presented by various philosophers regarding the motivation of employees. Management, leadership, and organizational culture are key determinants among the factors affecting employee motivation. Every job has the probability of motivation or demotivation the employee. Motivation affects the every aspects of the business and strongly affects the level of productivity. Whether some philosophers have considered money as a low motivator it has a high influence of persons life and hence still it is valid as motivator. The reward system, job title, periodical performance reviews can also be considered as motivators. Many organizations have adapted the teachings of theories like Mayo, McGregor to create a motivated employee force. A motivated employee force would benefit the company by lowering the unit cost, high productivity, maintaining quality, etc. the motivation is simply the work harder to accomplish the organizational goals effectively and efficiently by its workforce. Only a motivated workforce will be able to bring the organization to a successful position in the todays dynamic competitive market environment.

Essay --

Emotional memory is one of the methods used in Stanislavski’s system. This method is where the actor draws on one of their own personal memories that relates to the situation their character is in. Emotional memory helps the actor to really become the character and portray the emotions the character would be feeling at the time. For example, if your character is grieving you would think of a time when you have grieved and remember how you felt and how you reacted to certain situations at this time. I have used this method during my rehearsal process on several occasions and it works well for me. I feel this method assists to make my performance real and believable. Emotional memory is a big part of method acting, although this method was devised by Stanislavski, Lee Strasberg said, â€Å"Method acting is what all actors have always done whenever they acted well.† (www.methodactingstrasberg.com,11/13). When emotional memory is incorporated into the rehearsal process, the actor really starts to feel the same way that the character would in the given situation. An example of this from Stanislavski’s book ‘An Actor Prepares’ is when an actor is guided through an emotional memory exercise by the director. â€Å"Imagine our amazement when both Tortsov and Rokhmanov told us that, whereas our playing of this exercise used to be indirect, insincere, fresh and true; today it was false, insincere and affective. We were dismayed at such unexpected criticism. We insisted that we really felt what we were doing. â€Å"Of course you were feeling something†, said the director. â€Å"If you were not you would be dead. The point is: what were you seeing? Let us try to disentangle things and to compare your former with your present exercise.† (Stanislavski, 1936: 163-... ...t ways. Once this part of the rehearsal process is complete the actor will know which emotions and feelings work best in the scene and will begin to incorporate emotional memory and the inner monologue. In conclusion to this essay we can say that Stanislavski’s system in the training of the actor and the rehearsal process is effective. The system helps actors to break down their characters gradually and really know the role. Some may even the say that the system helps them to almost become the character. The system has played a significant part in theatre training for many years. It has been used, adapted and interpreted by several practitioners, actors and tutors. For many years to come Stanislavski’s system will still be used in theatre training. Not only is it an effective system it is the past, present and future of theatre training and the rehearsal process.

Grigory Pechorin: The Superfluous Man Essay -- essays research papers

Mikhail Lermontov's protagonist, Grigory Pechorin, belongs to that group of literary characters known individually as the 'superfluous man.'; Generally an intelligent, educated individual, the superfluous man would appear to be one who has been either unjustly treated or outcast by society in general. The superfluous man attempts to find a place for himself in the world, but perhaps due to the combination of his talents, upbringing, personality and intelligence, continually finds himself on the outs with his peers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If the above definition is accepted as valid, then Pechorin might appear to be the consummate superfluous man. From the outpouring of his tale of woe to Princess Mary, we may come to the conclusion that Pechorin has no concept of cause and effect, at least not as it applies to himself as the cause. Moreover, it becomes fairly apparent that he is of the belief that he is a victim of the world, which is more interesting, as one considers the culture of victimization that has become popular in recent years. Who has not heard the excuse, 'I did it because my (parents/state representative/dog) (harassed/bit/abused) me when I was a child.'; In my opinion, the growing interest in pop psychology and the related fields of social psychology and child psychology have greatly contributed to the decay of moral rectitude and the concept of taking responsibility for one's own actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The translator attributes Pechorin's capriciousness to the lack of employment for his gifts. I do not agree with that assessment, as it has been my experience that only those who have made up their minds to lack direction will be unable to find an activity that occupies their mind and appeals to them. One possible pursuit would be some form of art. Skill matters little, if the activity is pleasing. Cultural appreciation, gastronomical excess, or sexual exercise would all be suitable endeavors. We see that Pechorin certainly takes pleasure in the company of women, though in his own words, 'I must confess I don't really like strong-willed women,'; (111), the female sex does not hold an unbounded appeal for him. But his relationship with Vera, and his reaction to Maxim Maximych's inquiry about Bela clearly show that he is capable of feeling some emotion for others, although he refuses to expressing it. This is entirely Pech... ...given all it needs to survive and learn intellectually, but no moral boundaries, will come to be greatly like a sociopathic personality. They will most likely be incapable of relating to others, save as far as they are themselves effected. They will not display anything near the level of enlightened self-interest that enables society. For all intents and purposes, they will be a sociopath, and due to the initial lack of guidance, they will be at best highly resistant to change, and at worst, totally irredeemable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pechorin is either a coward, in which case he should be pitied, if not despised for his unwillingness to change, or he is a sociopath, in which case he should be exterminated, without a spark of guilt or pity, for the benefit of society. He clearly does not fall into the sociopathic category, as his displays of emotion – faint though they are – prove. So he is a coward, unwilling to come to terms with himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pechorin is not merely the superfluous man of the 19th century, but rather a mirror held up for all of humanity. His insensitivity, fear, and self-loathing reflect us still to this day.

Storm Fear Essay -- Literary Analysis, Robert Frost

The poem â€Å"Storm Fear† by Robert Frost describes a scene in which â€Å"the wind works against us in the dark.† Throughout the poem, the frozen landscape acts as an antagonist fighting against man. In the classic novella Ethan Frome, author Edith Wharton also personifies the landscape. The village of Starkfield, New England during the harsh winters is also an antagonist, prohibiting the characters from communicating with each other effectively. Throughout both works the environment causes Ethan and the speaker of the poem to suppress their feelings until it is too late to act. Both authors use vivid and detailed imagery to portray a dark winter storm. Frost starts the poem by describing the chilled atmosphere. In the second line, the author denotes a harsh winter storm that â€Å"pelts with snow.† This statement, along with the line mentioned earlier, indicates that the scene is working against the characters. The word â€Å"pelt† is a key word in this sentence. Pelt may mean to attack or assault, but it can also be another word for the hide of a dead animal. This implies that the snow is so harsh that it can be classified as deadly. The title â€Å"Storm Fear† doesn’t give off a positive connotation. . Rather than mentioning the beauty of a snowflake, or describing a â€Å"winter wonderland†, the author chooses to describe the winter as if it is looking to bring an end to something (or someone). It is referred to as a â€Å"storm†, not a snowfall. â€Å"Fear† also is not positive, as it can be defined as à ¢â‚¬Å"an unpleasant emotion†. In Ethan Frome, Wharton’s dark description of the winters in New England is prevalent throughout the work. She refers to the winter as a â€Å"sunless cold.† (pg. 8). Harmon Gow even claims that â€Å"Most of the smart ones get away [from the winte... ...than could have gone over to Mattie when he alone with her by the fire, but instead he has her move into Zeena’s chair. Wharton indicates that he is to â€Å"indolent† and â€Å"lazy† (pg. 77) to move over to her. Neither character can make the change and overcome the influence of the storm unless they put in the effort, and do so â€Å"unaided†. In both â€Å"Storm Fear† by Robert Frost and Edith Wharton’s great novella Ethan Frome, the landscape is personified to fight against the characters. Frost and the characters in the novella are challenged by brutal winter storms that do not allow them to communicate with each other effectively. Only when it is to late do they say what must be said and do what must be done. In the end, the landscape leaves Mattie and Ethan crippled, and Frost snowed in. If they were able to articulate, things would have been different.

What Are The Kinds Of Water Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is one of the chief beginnings in the Earth. It is a really of import resource for people and the environment. Our blood consists of H2O and we can non populate without H2O. We need H2O in our life daily because it is a line of life. We chose this study about the H2O pollution because the H2O is really of import component we need to populate, but human, mills and ships play an of import function in H2O pollution. Clean H2O is increasing devastation because people do non care what throw in the H2O and the Earth is traveling to acquire destroyed. If destroyed clean H2O, life will be much worse on the land and the lone 1s who can forestall this from go oning and for us. Definition: Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Normally, it means we have built one or more substances in the H2O up to the extent that they cause jobs for the animate being or human being. This stuff is chemical, physical and biological alteration in the quality of H2O has an inauspicious impact on our lives. Was detected by H2O taint in the research lab, where they are analyzed little samples of H2O for assorted contaminations. It can besides populating beings such as fish that is used to observe H2O pollution. Changes in behaviour or growing show us that the H2O in which they live contaminated. Labs besides use the computing machine so find if the H2O has no drosss Classs: Point Beginnings of Water Pollution: The beginnings of H2O pollution and discharges include municipal H2O intervention works, drainage and industrial installations. Can the municipal intervention works point beginnings of pollution, sewage contribute to the signifier of oxygen-depleting substances and stuffs nutrient caused wellness hazards in the countries of imbibing H2O and swimming. Some illustrations of the non-point H2O pollution are exchange agricultural and exchange urban countries from excavation, and building locations.. Non Point Source Water Pollution: In contrast to the pollution from a beginning other than the specific industrial workss and sewerage intervention, ( NPS ) pollution comes from many beginnings is widespread. And do taint of atomic power beginnings by rainfall or thaw snow, and during the motion on the land. While the overflow moves, it picks up contaminations and carries off natural and semisynthetic, and eventually deposited in lakes, rivers, wetlands and coastal Waterss and groundwater. 40 % of all lakes and watercourses of H2O contaminated with a really used for fishing or swimming in the United States. Oil and unsafe toxins and pathogen taint of waterways and imbibing H2O, and can kill worlds, animate beings and workss. Non point beginning pollution is the taking staying cause of H2O quality jobs. The effects of nonpoint beginning pollutants on specific Waterss vary and may non ever be to the full assessed. However, we know that these pollutants have harmful effects on imbibing H2O supplies, diversion, piscaries and wildlife. Groundwater pollution: The groundwater pollution is the 1 of the H2O pollution and its importance parts to explicate it because groundwater is the importance beginning for the people in most universes and I will desiccation the beginning for pollution of groundwater. One of these possible beginnings of groundwater pollution: Natural: The pollution of natural substances by taint grounds such as the presence of gustatory sensation and odor in the H2O Wellss, the presence of musca volitanss in the H2O and find of unacceptable consequence in the degrees of substances found in H2O. Besides this causes the natural dirt or stone status. To prevention this job by if possible, avoid countries where there are jobs in groundwater, usage of treated H2O and Change to public H2O supply, if executable. Agribusiness: Pollution of groundwater by chemical spills, fertilisers and pesticides.So I will explicate the fertilisers, Contamination Evidence by High nitrate degree in good H2O trials this it causes over fertilisation and Ill- timed application. To Prevention by fertiliser usage in times that needed by the works and clip when hive awaying carnal manure to ease the airing of the Earth. Industrial: Such as building digging this show by Spills and alteration in colour, gustatory sensation and odor or the presence of drosss in H2O Wellss near. This job causes: Fuel and chemical spills, inordinate dust and chemicals are falsely. To Prevention by follow the cleansing processs and utilize fuel and risky stuffs harmonizing to the recommended actions. Residential: Such as infected systems this Contamination Evidence is appearance waste above surface land and sensing presence bacteria addition of. This Causes failing in the installing or care and disposal of family chemicals such as pigment waste. For trade this job by proper installing tools for the exchange of wellness, cheque and clean tools every 2 to 4 per twelvemonth and non dispose of chemicals in wellness systems. Causes of H2O pollution: Oil spills Oceans are polluted by oil on a day-to-day footing from oil spills, everyday transportation, run-offs and dumping. Oil waste can foul the ocean. They are coming from leaking storage armored combat vehicles and grapevine leaks, and the Wellss. Oil spilled from ships and oilers includes the transit fuel used by the vass themselves or their ladings, such as rough oil, fuel oil, or heating oil. It is estimated that about 706 million gallons of waste oil enter the ocean every twelvemonth. Drilling and production operations and spills or leaks from ships or oilers typically contribute less than 8 per centum of the sum. The balance comes from everyday care of ships ( about 20 per centum ) , and natural ooze from the seafloor ( over 8 per centum ) . Marine Dumping Many mills are dumping of waste into coastal Waterss such as plastics and other stuffs. These wastes take a long clip to degrade and they are really harmful to marine life. The disposal of wastes into H2O by worlds was practiced universally because it was a inexpensive and convenient manner to free society of nutrient wastes ( e.g. , cleaned carcases, shells, etc. ) , rubbish, excavation wastes, and human wastes ( or sewerage ) . This Industrial Age brought with it the new job of chemical wastes and byproducts: these were besides normally disposed of in the H2O. By the early 1970ss, marine dumping began to be viewed as a serious environmental issue. Industrial waste Industry is a immense beginning of H2O pollution, it produces pollutants that are highly harmful to people and the environment. Many industrial installations use fresh water to transport away waste from the mills and into rivers, lakes and oceans. There are 370,000 mills use large saddle horse of fresh water to transport off many types of waste. The waste H2O is put into watercourses, lakes, or oceans. Besides, the hot H2O from mills will increasing H2O temperatures and do thermic pollution. The addition of temperature change the sum of O dissolved in the H2O. That will kill some works and carnal species and others species will overgrowth. Pesticide A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substance intended for preventing, destructing, driving or extenuating any plague. Pesticides are a serious unsafe to wildlife and marine life. At high doses they non merely kill insects and other invertebrates, but birds and mammals every bit good. Many pesticides are soluble in H2O.The higher the solubility of the pesticide, the higher the hazard. High degrees of rainfall increases the hazard of pesticides polluting H2O. Pesticides that get applied to farm Fieldss and waysides and place run away into local watercourses and rivers or run out down into groundwater, polluting the fresh H2O that fish swim in and the H2O we worlds drink. In the Midwestern United States, a part that is extremely dependent on groundwater, H2O public-service corporations spend $ 400 million each twelvemonth to handle H2O for merely one chemical-the pesticide Atrazine. Global Heating An addition in H2O temperature can ensue in the decease of many aquatic beings and interrupt many marine home grounds. For illustration, a rise in H2O temperatures causes deceasing of coral of reefs around the universe. This can ensue in great harm to coral reefs and later, all the marine life that depends on it. Temperature alterations in coastal and Marine ecosystems will act upon being metamorphosis and alter ecological procedures such as productiveness and species interactions. Speciess are adapted to specific scopes of environmental temperature. As temperatures change, species ‘ geographic distributions will spread out, species that are get downing to migrate or vie with other species for resources.Species that are unable to migrate or vie with other species for resources may confront local or planetary extinction. Measurement of H2O pollution: For the analysis of H2O and measured in several ways such as taking sampling, physical, chemical and biological. I will be explicating this ways of measuring of H2O pollution. Physical testing Trials physical Joint H2O includes heat, focal point solids and turbidness. So will explained turbidness. Turbidity is sum of particulate affair that is suspended in H2O. Turbidity measures impact dispersing that suspended solids on visible radiation: badness light big scattered, rose turbidness. Materials which grounds H2O to be Turbid include: clay silt divided finely publish organic and inorganic runing vehicles organic colored plankton objects microscopic Chemical testing Can be found on samples of H2O utilizing the rules of analytical chemical science. Published several trial methods are available for organic compounds and inorganic alike. Often used methods include pH, biochemical O demand, chemical O demand, foods ( nitrate and phosphorus compounds ) and metals ( including Cu, Zn ) , pesticides. Biological testing Be proving ways to utilize workss and animate beings and indexs for supervising the wellness of H2O and microbic environment. Consequence of H2O pollution: 1-Effects of Oil Pollution and Antifreeze Oil is the most unsafe H2O pollutants as oil spilled into the H2O cause in the formation of gluey bed on the surface which lead to the issue of an unpleasant order and this causes the violent death of the beings that depend on this beginning of imbibing H2O. 2-Contaminated Ground Water Effects Groundwater the chief beginning of imbibing H2O on the Earth, and the taint of this H2O is a major menace to human life is cause human exposure to disease may hold serious cause such as disease and decease in the liver and kidney jobs, malignant neoplastic disease and other diseases. 3-Effects of Agricultural Water Pollution The usage of fertilisers and chemicals is defined by husbandmans to better and develop farms and agricultural Fieldss to assist workss turn, but there is a danger of the stuff in that it leaked into the dirt and when rain Aogerian H2O above the surface of this rich dirt these chemicals it is washed to the cloacas and rivers and lakes, which leads to the accretion of contaminated deposits in these Waterss. 4-Fertilizers and other chemicals Melting compound of nitrates in the H2O and metal Cd found in fertilisers used for harvests to the outgrowth of diseases in worlds such as being diarrhoea and diseases of the liver and kidneys. And inorganic stuffs such as quicksilver, lead stuffs, lead to jobs related to gustatory sensation and odor and alter the colour of the H2O. The pesticides and PCBs toxic substances used in pesticides that are found in places, agribusiness, are besides found in merchandises such as wood preservatives. 5-Effects of Thermal Water Pollution This happen because they wash the machine of the factors in the H2O of lakes and rivers. This machine really hot so its heated the H2O, and this is job is that H2O reduces the ability of the system on the continuance of O and raises the growing of warm-water species. 6-Effects of Heavy Metal Water Pollution Heavy metals such as quicksilver and lead found in H2O beginnings. Solutions: As we saw antecedently there are many effects of H2O pollution, and to cut down this effects or seeking to forestall this jobs we must happen some solutions such as: Water pollution control in the place, utilizing stuffs from non-toxic cleansing merchandises are free from toxic substances and to forbear and to cut down to the extent possible the usage of pesticides in the place and gardens. Always dispose of pigments, motor oils and toxic chemicals in ways that a healthy and safe. 3- Always protect and clean groundwater as the chief beginning for imbibing and irrigation systems and forestall the reaching of a chemical. 4- Raise consciousness of the extent of H2O pollution measure and demand that the Government promote more sustainable agriculture techniques. Decision: Water is really of import component we need to populate and it is portion of our lives. Oil spills, industrial waste, pesticide and planetary heating are cause H2O pollution. These will destruct the H2O we drink and will destruct our lives. To forestall H2O pollution we should supply rigorous punishments for people or mills who try to foul the H2O. To reason, we should maintain our environment clean to populate safe without any pollution by do n't utilize more pesticides and do n't throw the trash on the H2O such as the industry trash.